curl(1)
curl(1) Curl Manual curl(1)
NAME
curl - transfer a URL
SYNOPSIS
curl [options] [URL...]
DESCRIPTION
curl is a tool to transfer data from or to a server, using
one of the supported protocols (HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS,
TFTP, GOPHER, DICT, TELNET, LDAP or FILE). The command is
designed to work without user interaction.
curl offers a busload of useful tricks like proxy support,
user authentication, ftp upload, HTTP post, SSL (https:)
connections, cookies, file transfer resume and more. As you
will see below, the amount of features will make your head
spin!
curl is powered by libcurl for all transfer-related
features. See libcurl(3) for details.
URL
The URL syntax is protocol dependent. You'll find a detailed
description in RFC 2396.
You can specify multiple URLs or parts of URLs by writing
part sets within braces as in:
http://site.{one,two,three}.com
or you can get sequences of alphanumeric series by using []
as in:
ftp://ftp.numericals.com/file[1-100].txt
ftp://ftp.numericals.com/file[001-100].txt (with leading
zeros)
ftp://ftp.letters.com/file[a-z].txt
No nesting of the sequences is supported at the moment, but
you can use several ones next to each other:
http://any.org/archive[1996-1999]/vol[1-4]/part{a,b,c}.html
You can specify any amount of URLs on the command line. They
will be fetched in a sequential manner in the specified
order.
Since curl 7.15.1 you can also specify step counter for the
ranges, so that you can get every Nth number or letter:
http://www.numericals.com/file[1-100:10].txt
http://www.letters.com/file[a-z:2].txt
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If you specify URL without protocol:// prefix, curl will
attempt to guess what protocol you might want. It will then
default to HTTP but try other protocols based on often-used
host name prefixes. For example, for host names starting
with "ftp." curl will assume you want to speak FTP.
Curl will attempt to re-use connections for multiple file
transfers, so that getting many files from the same server
will not do multiple connects / handshakes. This improves
speed. Of course this is only done on files specified on a
single command line and cannot be used between separate curl
invokes.
OPTIONS
-a/--append
(FTP) When used in an FTP upload, this will tell curl
to append to the target file instead of overwriting it.
If the file doesn't exist, it will be created.
If this option is used twice, the second one will dis-
able append mode again.
-A/--user-agent <agent string>
(HTTP) Specify the User-Agent string to send to the
HTTP server. Some badly done CGIs fail if its not set
to "Mozilla/4.0". To encode blanks in the string, sur-
round the string with single quote marks. This can
also be set with the -H/--header option of course.
If this option is set more than once, the last one will
be the one that's used.
--anyauth
(HTTP) Tells curl to figure out authentication method
by itself, and use the most secure one the remote site
claims it supports. This is done by first doing a
request and checking the response-headers, thus induc-
ing an extra network round-trip. This is used instead
of setting a specific authentication method, which you
can do with --basic, --digest, --ntlm, and --negotiate.
(Added in 7.10.6)
Note that using --anyauth is not recommended if you do
uploads from stdin, since it may require data to be
sent twice and then the client must be able to rewind.
If the need should arise when uploading from stdin, the
upload operation will fail.
If this option is used several times, the following
occurrences make no difference.
-b/--cookie <name=data>
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(HTTP) Pass the data to the HTTP server as a cookie. It
is supposedly the data previously received from the
server in a "Set-Cookie:" line. The data should be in
the format "NAME1=VALUE1; NAME2=VALUE2".
If no '=' letter is used in the line, it is treated as
a filename to use to read previously stored cookie
lines from, which should be used in this session if
they match. Using this method also activates the
"cookie parser" which will make curl record incoming
cookies too, which may be handy if you're using this in
combination with the -L/--location option. The file
format of the file to read cookies from should be plain
HTTP headers or the Netscape/Mozilla cookie file for-
mat.
NOTE that the file specified with -b/--cookie is only
used as input. No cookies will be stored in the file.
To store cookies, use the -c/--cookie-jar option or you
could even save the HTTP headers to a file using -D/--
dump-header!
If this option is set more than once, the last one will
be the one that's used.
-B/--use-ascii
Enable ASCII transfer when using FTP or LDAP. For FTP,
this can also be enforced by using an URL that ends
with ";type=A". This option causes data sent to stdout
to be in text mode for win32 systems.
If this option is used twice, the second one will dis-
able ASCII usage.
--basic
(HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP Basic authentication.
This is the default and this option is usually point-
less, unless you use it to override a previously set
option that sets a different authentication method
(such as --ntlm, --digest and --negotiate). (Added in
7.10.6)
If this option is used several times, the following
occurrences make no difference.
--ciphers <list of ciphers>
(SSL) Specifies which ciphers to use in the connection.
The list of ciphers must be using valid ciphers. Read
up on SSL cipher list details on this URL:
http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html
If this option is used several times, the last one will
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override the others.
--compressed
(HTTP) Request a compressed response using one of the
algorithms libcurl supports, and return the
uncompressed document. If this option is used and the
server sends an unsupported encoding, Curl will report
an error.
If this option is used several times, each occurrence
will toggle it on/off.
--connect-timeout <seconds>
Maximum time in seconds that you allow the connection
to the server to take. This only limits the connection
phase, once curl has connected this option is of no
more use. See also the -m/--max-time option.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
-c/--cookie-jar <file name>
Specify to which file you want curl to write all cook-
ies after a completed operation. Curl writes all cook-
ies previously read from a specified file as well as
all cookies received from remote server(s). If no cook-
ies are known, no file will be written. The file will
be written using the Netscape cookie file format. If
you set the file name to a single dash, "-", the cook-
ies will be written to stdout.
NOTE If the cookie jar can't be created or written to,
the whole curl operation won't fail or even report an
error clearly. Using -v will get a warning displayed,
but that is the only visible feedback you get about
this possibly lethal situation.
If this option is used several times, the last speci-
fied file name will be used.
-C/--continue-at <offset>
Continue/Resume a previous file transfer at the given
offset. The given offset is the exact number of bytes
that will be skipped counted from the beginning of the
source file before it is transferred to the destina-
tion. If used with uploads, the ftp server command
SIZE will not be used by curl.
Use "-C -" to tell curl to automatically find out
where/how to resume the transfer. It then uses the
given output/input files to figure that out.
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If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
--create-dirs
When used in conjunction with the -o option, curl will
create the necessary local directory hierarchy as
needed. This option creates the dirs mentioned with the
-o option, nothing else. If the -o file name uses no
dir or if the dirs it mentions already exist, no dir
will be created.
To create remote directories when using FTP, try --
ftp-create-dirs.
--crlf
(FTP) Convert LF to CRLF in upload. Useful for MVS
(OS/390).
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable crlf converting.
-d/--data <data>
(HTTP) Sends the specified data in a POST request to
the HTTP server, in a way that can emulate as if a user
has filled in a HTML form and pressed the submit but-
ton. Note that the data is sent exactly as specified
with no extra processing (with all newlines cut off).
The data is expected to be "url-encoded". This will
cause curl to pass the data to the server using the
content-type application/x-www-form-urlencoded. Compare
to -F/--form. If this option is used more than once on
the same command line, the data pieces specified will
be merged together with a separating &-letter. Thus,
using '-d name=daniel -d skill=lousy' would generate a
post chunk that looks like 'name=daniel&skill=lousy'.
If you start the data with the letter @, the rest
should be a file name to read the data from, or - if
you want curl to read the data from stdin. The con-
tents of the file must already be url-encoded. Multiple
files can also be specified. Posting data from a file
named 'foobar' would thus be done with --data @foobar".
To post data purely binary, you should instead use the
--data-binary option.
-d/--data is the same as --data-ascii.
If this option is used several times, the ones follow-
ing the first will append data.
--data-ascii <data>
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(HTTP) This is an alias for the -d/--data option.
If this option is used several times, the ones follow-
ing the first will append data.
--data-binary <data>
(HTTP) This posts data in a similar manner as --data-
ascii does, although when using this option the entire
context of the posted data is kept as-is. If you want
to post a binary file without the strip-newlines
feature of the --data-ascii option, this is for you.
If this option is used several times, the ones follow-
ing the first will append data.
--digest
(HTTP) Enables HTTP Digest authentication. This is a
authentication that prevents the password from being
sent over the wire in clear text. Use this in combina-
tion with the normal -u/--user option to set user name
and password. See also --ntlm, --negotiate and --
anyauth for related options. (Added in curl 7.10.6)
If this option is used several times, the following
occurrences make no difference.
--disable-eprt
(FTP) Tell curl to disable the use of the EPRT and LPRT
commands when doing active FTP transfers. Curl will
normally always first attempt to use EPRT, then LPRT
before using PORT, but with this option, it will use
PORT right away. EPRT and LPRT are extensions to the
original FTP protocol, may not work on all servers but
enable more functionality in a better way than the
traditional PORT command. (Added in 7.10.5)
If this option is used several times, each occurrence
will toggle this on/off.
--disable-epsv
(FTP) Tell curl to disable the use of the EPSV command
when doing passive FTP transfers. Curl will normally
always first attempt to use EPSV before PASV, but with
this option, it will not try using EPSV.
If this option is used several times, each occurrence
will toggle this on/off.
-D/--dump-header <file>
Write the protocol headers to the specified file.
This option is handy to use when you want to store the
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headers that a HTTP site sends to you. Cookies from the
headers could then be read in a second curl invoke by
using the -b/--cookie option! The -c/--cookie-jar
option is however a better way to store cookies.
When used on FTP, the ftp server response lines are
considered being "headers" and thus are saved there.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
-e/--referer <URL>
(HTTP) Sends the "Referer Page" information to the HTTP
server. This can also be set with the -H/--header flag
of course. When used with -L/--location you can append
";auto" to the referer URL to make curl automatically
set the previous URL when it follows a Location:
header. The ";auto" string can be used alone, even if
you don't set an initial referer.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
--engine <name>
Select the OpenSSL crypto engine to use for cipher
operations. Use --engine list to print a list of
build-time supported engines. Note that not all (or
none) of the engines may be available at run-time.
--environment
(RISC OS ONLY) Sets a range of environment variables,
using the names the -w option supports, to easier allow
extraction of useful information after having run curl.
If this option is used several times, each occurrence
will toggle this on/off.
--egd-file <file>
(HTTPS) Specify the path name to the Entropy Gathering
Daemon socket. The socket is used to seed the random
engine for SSL connections. See also the --random-file
option.
-E/--cert <certificate[:password]>
(HTTPS) Tells curl to use the specified certificate
file when getting a file with HTTPS. The certificate
must be in PEM format. If the optional password isn't
specified, it will be queried for on the terminal. Note
that this certificate is the private key and the
private certificate concatenated!
If this option is used several times, the last one will
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be used.
--cert-type <type>
(SSL) Tells curl what certificate type the provided
certificate is in. PEM, DER and ENG are recognized
types.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
--cacert <CA certificate>
(HTTPS) Tells curl to use the specified certificate
file to verify the peer. The file may contain multiple
CA certificates. The certificate(s) must be in PEM for-
mat.
curl recognizes the environment variable named
'CURL_CA_BUNDLE' if that is set, and uses the given
path as a path to a CA cert bundle. This option over-
rides that variable.
The windows version of curl will automatically look for
a CA certs file named 'curl-ca-bundle.crt', either in
the same directory as curl.exe, or in the Current Work-
ing Directory, or in any folder along your PATH.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
--capath <CA certificate directory>
(HTTPS) Tells curl to use the specified certificate
directory to verify the peer. The certificates must be
in PEM format, and the directory must have been pro-
cessed using the c_rehash utility supplied with
openssl. Using --capath can allow curl to make https
connections much more efficiently than using --cacert
if the --cacert file contains many CA certificates.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
-f/--fail
(HTTP) Fail silently (no output at all) on server
errors. This is mostly done like this to better enable
scripts etc to better deal with failed attempts. In
normal cases when a HTTP server fails to deliver a
document, it returns a HTML document stating so (which
often also describes why and more). This flag will
prevent curl from outputting that and fail silently
instead.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
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disable silent failure.
--ftp-account [data]
(FTP) When an FTP server asks for "account data" after
user name and password has been provided, this data is
sent off using the ACCT command. (Added in 7.13.0)
If this option is used twice, the second will override
the previous use.
--ftp-create-dirs
(FTP) When an FTP URL/operation uses a path that
doesn't currently exist on the server, the standard
behavior of curl is to fail. Using this option, curl
will instead attempt to create missing directories.
(Added in 7.10.7)
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable silent failure.
--ftp-pasv
(FTP) Use PASV when transferring. PASV is the internal
default behavior, but using this option can be used to
override a previous --ftp-port option. (Added in
7.11.0)
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable silent failure.
--ftp-skip-pasv-ip
(FTP) Tell curl to not use the IP address the server
suggests in its response to curl's PASV command when
curl connects the data connection. Instead curl will
re-use the same IP address it already uses for the con-
trol connection. (Added in 7.14.2)
This option has no effect if PORT, EPRT or EPSV is used
instead of PASV.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable silent failure.
--ftp-ssl
(FTP) Make the FTP connection switch to use SSL/TLS.
(Added in 7.11.0)
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable this.
-F/--form <name=content>
(HTTP) This lets curl emulate a filled in form in which
a user has pressed the submit button. This causes curl
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to POST data using the Content-Type multipart/form-data
according to RFC1867. This enables uploading of binary
files etc. To force the 'content' part to be a file,
prefix the file name with an @ sign. To just get the
content part from a file, prefix the file name with the
letter <. The difference between @ and < is then that @
makes a file get attached in the post as a file upload,
while the < makes a text field and just get the con-
tents for that text field from a file.
Example, to send your password file to the server,
where 'password' is the name of the form-field to which
/etc/passwd will be the input:
curl -F password=@/etc/passwd www.mypasswords.com
To read the file's content from stdin instead of a
file, use - where the file name should've been. This
goes for both @ and < constructs.
You can also tell curl what Content-Type to use by
using 'type=', in a manner similar to:
curl -F "web=@index.html;type=text/html" url.com
or
curl -F "name=daniel;type=text/foo" url.com
You can also explicitly change the name field of an
file upload part by setting filename=, like this:
curl -F "file=@localfile;filename=nameinpost" url.com
See further examples and details in the MANUAL.
This option can be used multiple times.
--form-string <name=string>
(HTTP) Similar to --form except that the value string
for the named parameter is used literally. Leading '@'
and '<' characters, and the ';type=' string in the
value have no special meaning. Use this in preference
to --form if there's any possibility that the string
value may accidentally trigger the '@' or '<' features
of --form.
-g/--globoff
This option switches off the "URL globbing parser".
When you set this option, you can specify URLs that
contain the letters {}[] without having them being
interpreted by curl itself. Note that these letters are
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not normal legal URL contents but they should be
encoded according to the URI standard.
-G/--get
When used, this option will make all data specified
with -d/--data or --data-binary to be used in a HTTP
GET request instead of the POST request that otherwise
would be used. The data will be appended to the URL
with a '?' separator.
If used in combination with -I, the POST data will
instead be appended to the URL with a HEAD request.
If used multiple times, nothing special happens.
-h/--help
Usage help.
-H/--header <header>
(HTTP) Extra header to use when getting a web page. You
may specify any number of extra headers. Note that if
you should add a custom header that has the same name
as one of the internal ones curl would use, your exter-
nally set header will be used instead of the internal
one. This allows you to make even trickier stuff than
curl would normally do. You should not replace inter-
nally set headers without knowing perfectly well what
you're doing. Replacing an internal header with one
without content on the right side of the colon will
prevent that header from appearing.
curl will make sure that each header you add/replace
get sent with the proper end of line marker, you should
thus not add that as a part of the header content: do
not add newlines or carriage returns they will only
mess things up for you.
See also the -A/--user-agent and -e/--referer options.
This option can be used multiple times to
add/replace/remove multiple headers.
--ignore-content-length
(HTTP) Ignore the Content-Length header. This is par-
ticularly useful for servers running Apache 1.x, which
will report incorrect Content-Length for files larger
than 2 gigabytes.
-i/--include
(HTTP) Include the HTTP-header in the output. The
HTTP-header includes things like server-name, date of
the document, HTTP-version and more...
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If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable header include.
--interface <name>
Perform an operation using a specified interface. You
can enter interface name, IP address or host name. An
example could look like:
curl --interface eth0:1 http://www.netscape.com/
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
-I/--head
(HTTP/FTP/FILE) Fetch the HTTP-header only! HTTP-
servers feature the command HEAD which this uses to get
nothing but the header of a document. When used on a
FTP or FILE file, curl displays the file size and last
modification time only.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable header only.
-j/--junk-session-cookies
(HTTP) When curl is told to read cookies from a given
file, this option will make it discard all "session
cookies". This will basically have the same effect as
if a new session is started. Typical browsers always
discard session cookies when they're closed down.
(Added in 7.9.7)
If this option is used several times, each occurrence
will toggle this on/off.
-k/--insecure
(SSL) This option explicitly allows curl to perform
"insecure" SSL connections and transfers. Starting with
curl 7.10, all SSL connections will be attempted to be
made secure by using the CA certificate bundle
installed by default. This makes all connections con-
sidered "insecure" to fail unless -k/--insecure is
used.
If this option is used twice, the second time will
again disable it.
--key <key>
(SSL) Private key file name. Allows you to provide your
private key in this separate file.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
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--key-type <type>
(SSL) Private key file type. Specify which type your
--key provided private key is. DER, PEM and ENG are
supported.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
--krb4 <level>
(FTP) Enable kerberos4 authentication and use. The
level must be entered and should be one of 'clear',
'safe', 'confidential' or 'private'. Should you use a
level that is not one of these, 'private' will instead
be used.
This option requires that the library was built with
kerberos4 support. This is not very common. Use -V/--
version to see if your curl supports it.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
-K/--config <config file>
Specify which config file to read curl arguments from.
The config file is a text file in which command line
arguments can be written which then will be used as if
they were written on the actual command line. Options
and their parameters must be specified on the same con-
fig file line. If the parameter is to contain white
spaces, the parameter must be inclosed within quotes.
If the first column of a config line is a '#' charac-
ter, the rest of the line will be treated as a comment.
Specify the filename as '-' to make curl read the file
from stdin.
Note that to be able to specify a URL in the config
file, you need to specify it using the --url option,
and not by simply writing the URL on its own line. So,
it could look similar to this:
url = "http://curl.haxx.se/docs/"
This option can be used multiple times.
When curl is invoked, it always (unless -q is used)
checks for a default config file and uses it if found.
The default config file is checked for in the following
places in this order:
1) curl tries to find the "home dir": It first checks
for the CURL_HOME and then the HOME environment
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variables. Failing that, it uses getpwuid() on unix-
like systems (which returns the home dir given the
current user in your system). On Windows, it then
checks for the APPDATA variable, or as a last resort
the '%USERPROFILE%Application Data'.
2) On windows, if there is no _curlrc file in the home
dir, it checks for one in the same dir the executable
curl is placed. On unix-like systems, it will simply
try to load .curlrc from the determined home dir.
--limit-rate <speed>
Specify the maximum transfer rate you want curl to use.
This feature is useful if you have a limited pipe and
you'd like your transfer not use your entire bandwidth.
The given speed is measured in bytes/second, unless a
suffix is appended. Appending 'k' or 'K' will count
the number as kilobytes, 'm' or M' makes it megabytes
while 'g' or 'G' makes it gigabytes. Examples: 200K, 3m
and 1G.
If you are also using the -Y/--speed-limit option, that
option will take precedence and might cripple the
rate-limiting slightly, to help keeping the speed-limit
logic working.
This option was introduced in curl 7.10.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
-l/--list-only
(FTP) When listing an FTP directory, this switch forces
a name-only view. Especially useful if you want to
machine-parse the contents of an FTP directory since
the normal directory view doesn't use a standard look
or format.
This option causes an FTP NLST command to be sent.
Some FTP servers list only files in their response to
NLST; they do not include subdirectories and symbolic
links.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable list only.
-L/--location
(HTTP/HTTPS) If the server reports that the requested
page has a different location (indicated with the
header line Location:) this flag will let curl attempt
to reattempt the get on the new place. If used together
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with -i/--include or -I/--head, headers from all
requested pages will be shown. If authentication is
used, curl will only send its credentials to the ini-
tial host, so if a redirect takes curl to a different
host, it won't intercept the user+password. See also
--location-trusted on how to change this.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable location following.
--location-trusted
(HTTP/HTTPS) Like -L/--location, but will allow sending
the name + password to all hosts that the site may
redirect to. This may or may not introduce a security
breach if the site redirects you do a site to which
you'll send your authentication info (which is plain-
text in the case of HTTP Basic authentication).
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable location following.
--max-filesize <bytes>
Specify the maximum size (in bytes) of a file to down-
load. If the file requested is larger than this value,
the transfer will not start and curl will return with
exit code 63.
NOTE: The file size is not always known prior to down-
load, and for such files this option has no effect even
if the file transfer ends up being larger than this
given limit. This concerns both FTP and HTTP transfers.
-m/--max-time <seconds>
Maximum time in seconds that you allow the whole opera-
tion to take. This is useful for preventing your batch
jobs from hanging for hours due to slow networks or
links going down. See also the --connect-timeout
option.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
-M/--manual
Manual. Display the huge help text.
-n/--netrc
Makes curl scan the .netrc file in the user's home
directory for login name and password. This is typi-
cally used for ftp on unix. If used with http, curl
will enable user authentication. See netrc(4) or ftp(1)
for details on the file format. Curl will not complain
if that file hasn't the right permissions (it should
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not be world nor group readable). The environment vari-
able "HOME" is used to find the home directory.
A quick and very simple example of how to setup a
.netrc to allow curl to ftp to the machine
host.domain.com with user name 'myself' and password
'secret' should look similar to:
machine host.domain.com login myself password secret
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable netrc usage.
--netrc-optional
Very similar to --netrc, but this option makes the
.netrc usage optional and not mandatory as the --netrc
does.
--negotiate
(HTTP) Enables GSS-Negotiate authentication. The GSS-
Negotiate method was designed by Microsoft and is used
in their web applications. It is primarily meant as a
support for Kerberos5 authentication but may be also
used along with another authentication methods. For
more information see IETF draft draft-brezak-spnego-
http-04.txt. (Added in 7.10.6)
This option requires that the library was built with
GSSAPI support. This is not very common. Use -V/--
version to see if your version supports GSS-Negotiate.
When using this option, you must also provide a fake
-u/--user option to activate the authentication code
properly. Sending a '-u :' is enough as the user name
and password from the -u option aren't actually used.
If this option is used several times, the following
occurrences make no difference.
-N/--no-buffer
Disables the buffering of the output stream. In normal
work situations, curl will use a standard buffered out-
put stream that will have the effect that it will out-
put the data in chunks, not necessarily exactly when
the data arrives. Using this option will disable that
buffering.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
switch on buffering.
--ntlm
(HTTP) Enables NTLM authentication. The NTLM
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authentication method was designed by Microsoft and is
used by IIS web servers. It is a proprietary protocol,
reversed engineered by clever people and implemented in
curl based on their efforts. This kind of behavior
should not be endorsed, you should encourage everyone
who uses NTLM to switch to a public and documented
authentication method instead. Such as Digest. (Added
in 7.10.6)
If you want to enable NTLM for your proxy authentica-
tion, then use --proxy-ntlm.
This option requires that the library was built with
SSL support. Use -V/--version to see if your curl sup-
ports NTLM.
If this option is used several times, the following
occurrences make no difference.
-o/--output <file>
Write output to <file> instead of stdout. If you are
using {} or [] to fetch multiple documents, you can use
'#' followed by a number in the <file> specifier. That
variable will be replaced with the current string for
the URL being fetched. Like in:
curl http://{one,two}.site.com -o "file_#1.txt"
or use several variables like:
curl http://{site,host}.host[1-5].com -o "#1_#2"
You may use this option as many times as you have
number of URLs.
See also the --create-dirs option to create the local
directories dynamically.
-O/--remote-name
Write output to a local file named like the remote file
we get. (Only the file part of the remote file is used,
the path is cut off.)
The remote file name to use for saving is extracted
from the given URL. Nothing else
You may use this option as many times as you have
number of URLs.
--pass <phrase>
(SSL) Pass phrase for the private key
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If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
--proxy-anyauth
Tells curl to pick a suitable authentication method
when communicating with the given proxy. This will
cause an extra request/response round-trip. Added in
curl 7.13.2.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable the proxy use-any authentication.
--proxy-basic
Tells curl to use HTTP Basic authentication when com-
municating with the given proxy. Use --basic for ena-
bling HTTP Basic with a remote host. Basic is the
default authentication method curl uses with proxies.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable proxy HTTP Basic authentication.
--proxy-digest
Tells curl to use HTTP Digest authentication when com-
municating with the given proxy. Use --digest for ena-
bling HTTP Digest with a remote host.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable proxy HTTP Digest.
--proxy-ntlm
Tells curl to use HTTP NTLM authentication when commun-
icating with the given proxy. Use --ntlm for enabling
NTLM with a remote host.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable proxy HTTP NTLM.
-p/--proxytunnel
When an HTTP proxy is used (-x/--proxy), this option
will cause non-HTTP protocols to attempt to tunnel
through the proxy instead of merely using it to do
HTTP-like operations. The tunnel approach is made with
the HTTP proxy CONNECT request and requires that the
proxy allows direct connect to the remote port number
curl wants to tunnel through to.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable proxy tunnel.
-P/--ftp-port <address>
(FTP) Reverses the initiator/listener roles when con-
necting with ftp. This switch makes Curl use the PORT
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command instead of PASV. In practice, PORT tells the
server to connect to the client's specified address and
port, while PASV asks the server for an ip address and
port to connect to. <address> should be one of:
interface
i.e "eth0" to specify which interface's IP address
you want to use (Unix only)
IP address
i.e "192.168.10.1" to specify exact IP number
host name
i.e "my.host.domain" to specify machine
- (any single-letter string) to make it pick the
machine's default
If this option is used several times, the last one will be
used. Disable the use of PORT with --ftp-pasv. Disable the
attempt to use the EPRT command instead of PORT by using --
disable-eprt. EPRT is really PORT++.
-q If used as the first parameter on the command line, the
curlrc config file will not be read and used. See the
-K/--config for details on the default config file
search path.
-Q/--quote <command>
(FTP) Send an arbitrary command to the remote FTP
server. Quote commands are sent BEFORE the transfer is
taking place (just after the initial PWD command to be
exact). To make commands take place after a successful
transfer, prefix them with a dash '-'. To make commands
get sent after libcurl has changed working directory,
just before the transfer command(s), prefix the command
with '+'. You may specify any amount of commands. If
the server returns failure for one of the commands, the
entire operation will be aborted. You must send syntac-
tically correct FTP commands as RFC959 defines.
This option can be used multiple times.
--random-file <file>
(HTTPS) Specify the path name to file containing what
will be considered as random data. The data is used to
seed the random engine for SSL connections. See also
the --egd-file option.
-r/--range <range>
(HTTP/FTP) Retrieve a byte range (i.e a partial docu-
ment) from a HTTP/1.1 or FTP server. Ranges can be
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specified in a number of ways.
0-499 specifies the first 500 bytes
500-999 specifies the second 500 bytes
-500 specifies the last 500 bytes
9500- specifies the bytes from offset 9500 and for-
ward
0-0,-1 specifies the first and last byte only(*)(H)
500-700,600-799
specifies 300 bytes from offset 500(H)
100-199,500-599
specifies two separate 100 bytes ranges(*)(H)
(*) = NOTE that this will cause the server to reply with a
multipart response!
You should also be aware that many HTTP/1.1 servers do not
have this feature enabled, so that when you attempt to get a
range, you'll instead get the whole document.
FTP range downloads only support the simple syntax 'start-
stop' (optionally with one of the numbers omitted). It
depends on the non-RFC command SIZE.
If this option is used several times, the last one will be
used.
-R/--remote-time
When used, this will make libcurl attempt to figure out
the timestamp of the remote file, and if that is avail-
able make the local file get that same timestamp.
If this option is used twice, the second time disables
this again.
--retry <num>
If a transient error is returned when curl tries to
perform a transfer, it will retry this number of times
before giving up. Setting the number to 0 makes curl do
no retries (which is the default). Transient error
means either: a timeout, an FTP 5xx response code or
an HTTP 5xx response code.
When curl is about to retry a transfer, it will first
wait one second and then for all forthcoming retries it
will double the waiting time until it reaches 10
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minutes which then will be the delay between the rest
of the retries. By using --retry-delay you disable
this exponential backoff algorithm. See also --retry-
max-time to limit the total time allowed for retries.
(Option added in 7.12.3)
If this option is used multiple times, the last
occurrence decide the amount.
--retry-delay <seconds>
Make curl sleep this amount of time between each retry
when a transfer has failed with a transient error (it
changes the default backoff time algorithm between
retries). This option is only interesting if --retry is
also used. Setting this delay to zero will make curl
use the default backoff time. (Option added in 7.12.3)
If this option is used multiple times, the last
occurrence decide the amount.
--retry-max-time <seconds>
The retry timer is reset before the first transfer
attempt. Retries will be done as usual (see --retry) as
long as the timer hasn't reached this given limit.
Notice that if the timer hasn't reached the limit, the
request will be made and while performing, it may take
longer than this given time period. To limit a single
request's maximum time, use -m/--max-time. Set this
option to zero to not timeout retries. (Option added in
7.12.3)
If this option is used multiple times, the last
occurrence decide the amount.
-s/--silent
Silent mode. Don't show progress meter or error mes-
sages. Makes Curl mute.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable mute.
-S/--show-error
When used with -s it makes curl show error message if
it fails.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable show error.
--socks <host[:port]>
Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy. If the port number is
not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. (Option
added in 7.11.1)
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This option overrides any previous use of -x/--proxy,
as they are mutually exclusive.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
--stderr <file>
Redirect all writes to stderr to the specified file
instead. If the file name is a plain '-', it is instead
written to stdout. This option has no point when you're
using a shell with decent redirecting capabilities.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
--tcp-nodelay
Turn on the TCP_NODELAY option. See the
curl_easy_setopt(3) man page for details about this
option. (Added in 7.11.2)
If this option is used several times, each occurrence
toggles this on/off.
-t/--telnet-option <OPT=val>
Pass options to the telnet protocol. Supported options
are:
TTYPE=<term> Sets the terminal type.
XDISPLOC=<X display> Sets the X display location.
NEW_ENV=<var,val> Sets an environment variable.
-T/--upload-file <file>
This transfers the specified local file to the remote
URL. If there is no file part in the specified URL,
Curl will append the local file name. NOTE that you
must use a trailing / on the last directory to really
prove to Curl that there is no file name or curl will
think that your last directory name is the remote file
name to use. That will most likely cause the upload
operation to fail. If this is used on a http(s) server,
the PUT command will be used.
Use the file name "-" (a single dash) to use stdin
instead of a given file.
Before 7.10.8, when this option was used several times,
the last one was used.
In curl 7.10.8 and later, you can specify one -T for
each URL on the command line. Each -T + URL pair
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specifies what to upload and to where. curl also sup-
ports "globbing" of the -T argument, meaning that you
can upload multiple files to a single URL by using the
same URL globbing style supported in the URL, like
this:
curl -T "{file1,file2}" http://www.uploadtothissite.com
or even
curl -T "img[1-1000].png"
ftp://ftp.picturemania.com/upload/
--trace <file>
Enables a full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing
data, including descriptive information, to the given
output file. Use "-" as filename to have the output
sent to stdout.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used. (Added in 7.9.7)
--trace-ascii <file>
Enables a full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing
data, including descriptive information, to the given
output file. Use "-" as filename to have the output
sent to stdout.
This is very similar to --trace, but leaves out the hex
part and only shows the ASCII part of the dump. It
makes smaller output that might be easier to read for
untrained humans.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used. (Added in 7.9.7)
--trace-time
Prepends a time stamp to each trace or verbose line
that curl displays.
If this option is used several times, each occurrence
will toggle it on/off. (Added in 7.14.0 )
-u/--user <user:password>
Specify user and password to use for server authentica-
tion. Overrides -n/--netrc and --netrc-optional.
If you use an SSPI-enabled curl binary and do NTLM
autentication, you can force curl to pick up the user
name and password from your environment by simply
specifying a single colon with this option: "-u :".
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If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
-U/--proxy-user <user:password>
Specify user and password to use for proxy authentica-
tion.
If you use an SSPI-enabled curl binary and do NTLM
autentication, you can force curl to pick up the user
name and password from your environment by simply
specifying a single colon with this option: "-U :".
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
--url <URL>
Specify a URL to fetch. This option is mostly handy
when you want to specify URL(s) in a config file.
This option may be used any number of times. To control
where this URL is written, use the -o/--output or the
-O/--remote-name options.
-v/--verbose
Makes the fetching more verbose/talkative. Mostly
usable for debugging. Lines starting with '>' means
"header data" sent by curl, '<' means "header data"
received by curl that is hidden in normal cases and
lines starting with '*' means additional info provided
by curl.
Note that if you only want HTTP headers in the output,
-i/--include might be option you're looking for.
If you think this option still doesn't give you enough
details, consider using --trace or --trace-ascii
instead.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable verbose.
-V/--version
Displays information about curl and the libcurl version
it uses.
The first line includes the full version of curl, lib-
curl and other 3rd party libraries linked with the exe-
cutable.
The second line (starts with "Protocols:") shows all
protocols that libcurl reports to support.
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The third line (starts with "Features:") shows specific
features libcurl reports to offer. Available features
include:
IPv6 You can use IPv6 with this.
krb4 Krb4 for ftp is supported.
SSL HTTPS and FTPS are supported.
libz Automatic decompression of compressed files over
HTTP is supported.
NTLM NTLM authentication is supported.
GSS-Negotiate
Negotiate authentication is supported.
Debug
This curl uses a libcurl built with Debug. This
enables more error-tracking and memory debugging
etc. For curl-developers only!
AsynchDNS
This curl uses asynchronous name resolves.
SPNEGO
SPNEGO Negotiate authentication is supported.
Largefile
This curl supports transfers of large files, files
larger than 2GB.
IDN This curl supports IDN - international domain
names.
SSPI SSPI is supported. If you use NTLM and set a blank
user name, curl will authenticate with your
current user and password.
-w/--write-out <format>
Defines what to display on stdout after a completed and
successful operation. The format is a string that may
contain plain text mixed with any number of variables.
The string can be specified as "string", to get read
from a particular file you specify it "@filename" and
to tell curl to read the format from stdin you write
"@-".
The variables present in the output format will be sub-
stituted by the value or text that curl thinks fit, as
described below. All variables are specified like
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%{variable_name} and to output a normal % you just
write them like %%. You can output a newline by using
\n, a carriage return with \r and a tab space with \t.
NOTE: The %-letter is a special letter in the win32-
environment, where all occurrences of % must be doubled
when using this option.
Available variables are at this point:
url_effective The URL that was fetched last. This is
mostly meaningful if you've told curl to
follow location: headers.
http_code The numerical code that was found in the
last retrieved HTTP(S) page.
http_connect The numerical code that was found in the
last response (from a proxy) to a curl
CONNECT request. (Added in 7.12.4)
time_total The total time, in seconds, that the
full operation lasted. The time will be
displayed with millisecond resolution.
time_namelookup
The time, in seconds, it took from the
start until the name resolving was com-
pleted.
time_connect The time, in seconds, it took from the
start until the connect to the remote
host (or proxy) was completed.
time_pretransfer
The time, in seconds, it took from the
start until the file transfer is just
about to begin. This includes all pre-
transfer commands and negotiations that
are specific to the particular
protocol(s) involved.
time_redirect The time, in seconds, it took for all
redirection steps include name lookup,
connect, pretransfer and transfer before
final transaction was started.
time_redirect shows the complete execu-
tion time for multiple redirections.
(Added in 7.12.3)
time_starttransfer
The time, in seconds, it took from the
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start until the first byte is just about
to be transferred. This includes
time_pretransfer and also the time the
server needs to calculate the result.
size_download The total amount of bytes that were
downloaded.
size_upload The total amount of bytes that were
uploaded.
size_header The total amount of bytes of the down-
loaded headers.
size_request The total amount of bytes that were sent
in the HTTP request.
speed_download The average download speed that curl
measured for the complete download.
speed_upload The average upload speed that curl meas-
ured for the complete upload.
content_type The Content-Type of the requested docu-
ment, if there was any. (Added in 7.9.5)
num_connects Number of new connects made in the
recent transfer. (Added in 7.12.3)
num_redirects Number of redirects that were followed
in the request. (Added in 7.12.3)
If this option is used several times, the last one will be
used.
-x/--proxy <proxyhost[:port]>
Use specified HTTP proxy. If the port number is not
specified, it is assumed at port 1080.
This option overrides existing environment variables
that sets proxy to use. If there's an environment vari-
able setting a proxy, you can set proxy to "" to over-
ride it.
Note that all operations that are performed over a HTTP
proxy will transparently be converted to HTTP. It means
that certain protocol specific operations might not be
available. This is not the case if you can tunnel
through the proxy, as done with the -p/--proxytunnel
option.
Starting with 7.14.1, the proxy host can be specified
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the exact same way as the proxy environment variables,
include protocol prefix (http://) and embedded user +
password.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
-X/--request <command>
(HTTP) Specifies a custom request method to use when
communicating with the HTTP server. The specified
request will be used instead of the method otherwise
used (which defaults to GET). Read the HTTP 1.1 specif-
ication for details and explanations.
(FTP) Specifies a custom FTP command to use instead of
LIST when doing file lists with ftp.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
-y/--speed-time <time>
If a download is slower than speed-limit bytes per
second during a speed-time period, the download gets
aborted. If speed-time is used, the default speed-limit
will be 1 unless set with -y.
This option controls transfers and thus will not affect
slow connects etc. If this is a concern for you, try
the --connect-timeout option.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
-Y/--speed-limit <speed>
If a download is slower than this given speed, in bytes
per second, for speed-time seconds it gets aborted.
speed-time is set with -Y and is 30 if not set.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
-z/--time-cond <date expression>
(HTTP) Request a file that has been modified later than
the given time and date, or one that has been modified
before that time. The date expression can be all sorts
of date strings or if it doesn't match any internal
ones, it tries to get the time from a given file name
instead! See the curl_getdate(3) man pages for date
expression details.
Start the date expression with a dash (-) to make it
request for a document that is older than the given
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date/time, default is a document that is newer than the
specified date/time.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
--max-redirs <num>
Set maximum number of redirection-followings allowed.
If -L/--location is used, this option can be used to
prevent curl from following redirections "in absurdum".
By default, the limit is set to 50 redirections. Set
this option to -1 to make it limitless.
If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.
-0/--http1.0
(HTTP) Forces curl to issue its requests using HTTP 1.0
instead of using its internally preferred: HTTP 1.1.
-1/--tlsv1
(HTTPS) Forces curl to use TSL version 1 when negotiat-
ing with a remote TLS server.
-2/--sslv2
(HTTPS) Forces curl to use SSL version 2 when negotiat-
ing with a remote SSL server.
-3/--sslv3
(HTTPS) Forces curl to use SSL version 3 when negotiat-
ing with a remote SSL server.
--3p-quote
(FTP) Specify arbitrary commands to send to the source
server. See the -Q/--quote option for details. (Added
in 7.13.0)
--3p-url
(FTP) Activates a FTP 3rd party transfer. Specifies the
source URL to get a file from, while the "normal" URL
will be used as target URL, the file that will be
written/created.
Note that not all FTP server allow 3rd party transfers.
(Added in 7.13.0)
--3p-user
(FTP) Specify user:password for the source URL
transfer. (Added in 7.13.0)
-4/--ipv4
If libcurl is capable of resolving an address to
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multiple IP versions (which it is if it is ipv6-
capable), this option tells libcurl to resolve names to
IPv4 addresses only. (Added in 7.10.8)
-6/--ipv6
If libcurl is capable of resolving an address to multi-
ple IP versions (which it is if it is ipv6-capable),
this option tells libcurl to resolve names to IPv6
addresses only. (Added in 7.10.8)
-#/--progress-bar
Make curl display progress information as a progress
bar instead of the default statistics.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable the progress bar.
FILES
~/.curlrc
Default config file.
ENVIRONMENT
http_proxy [protocol://]<host>[:port]
Sets proxy server to use for HTTP.
HTTPS_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
Sets proxy server to use for HTTPS.
FTP_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
Sets proxy server to use for FTP.
GOPHER_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
Sets proxy server to use for GOPHER.
ALL_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
Sets proxy server to use if no protocol-specific proxy
is set.
NO_PROXY <comma-separated list of hosts>
list of host names that shouldn't go through any proxy.
If set to a asterisk '*' only, it matches all hosts.
EXIT CODES
There exists a bunch of different error codes and their
corresponding error messages that may appear during bad con-
ditions. At the time of this writing, the exit codes are:
1 Unsupported protocol. This build of curl has no support
for this protocol.
2 Failed to initialize.
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3 URL malformat. The syntax was not correct.
4 URL user malformatted. The user-part of the URL syntax
was not correct.
5 Couldn't resolve proxy. The given proxy host could not
be resolved.
6 Couldn't resolve host. The given remote host was not
resolved.
7 Failed to connect to host.
8 FTP weird server reply. The server sent data curl
couldn't parse.
9 FTP access denied. The server denied login or denied
access to the particular resource or directory you
wanted to reach. Most often you tried to change to a
directory that doesn't exist on the server.
10 FTP user/password incorrect. Either one or both were
not accepted by the server.
11 FTP weird PASS reply. Curl couldn't parse the reply
sent to the PASS request.
12 FTP weird USER reply. Curl couldn't parse the reply
sent to the USER request.
13 FTP weird PASV reply, Curl couldn't parse the reply
sent to the PASV request.
14 FTP weird 227 format. Curl couldn't parse the 227-line
the server sent.
15 FTP can't get host. Couldn't resolve the host IP we got
in the 227-line.
16 FTP can't reconnect. Couldn't connect to the host we
got in the 227-line.
17 FTP couldn't set binary. Couldn't change transfer
method to binary.
18 Partial file. Only a part of the file was transferred.
19 FTP couldn't download/access the given file, the RETR
(or similar) command failed.
20 FTP write error. The transfer was reported bad by the
server.
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21 FTP quote error. A quote command returned error from
the server.
22 HTTP page not retrieved. The requested url was not
found or returned another error with the HTTP error
code being 400 or above. This return code only appears
if -f/--fail is used.
23 Write error. Curl couldn't write data to a local
filesystem or similar.
24 Malformed user. User name badly specified.
25 FTP couldn't STOR file. The server denied the STOR
operation, used for FTP uploading.
26 Read error. Various reading problems.
27 Out of memory. A memory allocation request failed.
28 Operation timeout. The specified time-out period was
reached according to the conditions.
29 FTP couldn't set ASCII. The server returned an unknown
reply.
30 FTP PORT failed. The PORT command failed. Not all FTP
servers support the PORT command, try doing a transfer
using PASV instead!
31 FTP couldn't use REST. The REST command failed. This
command is used for resumed FTP transfers.
32 FTP couldn't use SIZE. The SIZE command failed. The
command is an extension to the original FTP spec RFC
959.
33 HTTP range error. The range "command" didn't work.
34 HTTP post error. Internal post-request generation
error.
35 SSL connect error. The SSL handshaking failed.
36 FTP bad download resume. Couldn't continue an earlier
aborted download.
37 FILE couldn't read file. Failed to open the file. Per-
missions?
38 LDAP cannot bind. LDAP bind operation failed.
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39 LDAP search failed.
40 Library not found. The LDAP library was not found.
41 Function not found. A required LDAP function was not
found.
42 Aborted by callback. An application told curl to abort
the operation.
43 Internal error. A function was called with a bad param-
eter.
44 Internal error. A function was called in a bad order.
45 Interface error. A specified outgoing interface could
not be used.
46 Bad password entered. An error was signaled when the
password was entered.
47 Too many redirects. When following redirects, curl hit
the maximum amount.
48 Unknown TELNET option specified.
49 Malformed telnet option.
51 The remote peer's SSL certificate wasn't ok
52 The server didn't reply anything, which here is con-
sidered an error.
53 SSL crypto engine not found
54 Cannot set SSL crypto engine as default
55 Failed sending network data
56 Failure in receiving network data
57 Share is in use (internal error)
58 Problem with the local certificate
59 Couldn't use specified SSL cipher
60 Problem with the CA cert (path? permission?)
61 Unrecognized transfer encoding
62 Invalid LDAP URL
Curl 7.15.1 Last change: 24 Nov 2005 33
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63 Maximum file size exceeded
XX There will appear more error codes here in future
releases. The existing ones are meant to never change.
AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
Daniel Stenberg is the main author, but the whole list of
contributors is found in the separate THANKS file.
WWW
http://curl.haxx.se
FTP
ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/www/utilities/curl/
SEE ALSO
ftp(1), wget(1)
Curl 7.15.1 Last change: 24 Nov 2005 34
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